Education
Everything you know about Brown v. Board of Education is wrong

Seventy years ago, on May 17, 1954, the United States Supreme Court issued a ruling declaring racially segregated public schools unconstitutional.
The court’s ruling resolved a lawsuit filed by black parents fighting segregation laws in Topeka, Kansas. Future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall argued the case on behalf of the plaintiffs as part of the NAACP Legal Defense Funds’ efforts to overturn the 60-year-old “separate but equal” doctrine. On May 17, 1954, SCOTUS issued a unanimous decision, endlessly desegregating America’s public schools. Today, this landmark court case is being hailed as one of an important victories of the Civil Rights Movement. There is just one problem with this narrative:
Nothing like this has ever happened.
As with most versions of black history, there are two versions of the story. In your seventh-grade social studies textbook, you read a story that illustrates the slow but regular racial progress in America. While this uplifting tale is based on a near-true story, there is one other, lesser-known version:
In honor of the seventieth anniversary of this pivotal case history, listed below are 10 unwhitewashed facts you probably didn’t know.
1. You’re saying it wrong.
The first (and maybe most vital fact) about . is that it should actually be called
The case as we know it began when parents in Summerton, South Carolina, filed a lawsuit against Clarendon County School Board President R.W. Elliott. In a college district that was greater than 70 percent black, segregated all-white schools had 32 school buses, while black children needed to walk as much as nine miles to achieve their neglected schools. On May 16, 1950, the NAACP filed a lawsuit on behalf of black students, the primary of whom, alphabetically, was Harry Briggs Jr. A 12 months later, Oliver Brown filed a case on behalf of his daughter, Linda Brown.
Typically, Supreme Court cases are listed in alphabetical order by plaintiff or, within the case of a consolidated case, chronologically. The Supreme Court ultimately consolidated Briggs, Brown, and three other segregation cases once they got here before the court. Although Briggs was first in alphabetical order, the consolidated lawsuit was named after the Kansas case.
Even if the choice was named in reference to the Kansas case, it still mustn’t be called “When.” Oliver Brown tried to enroll his daughter in a close-by all-white school fairly than one a mile away, he joined a class-action lawsuit that was already pending. He was allowed to hitch the lawsuit since the remaining Topeka plaintiffs were women and the NAACP felt it will be higher to have a person spearheading the case.
2. Why there is no name
He was first in alphabetical order again. It was chronologically first. But for some reason the case was called
“We consolidated them and made Brown the first so that the whole thing wouldn’t feel like it was purely Southern,” Supreme Court Justice Tom C. Clark told Richard Kluger within the book “Simple Justice.” Some historians say Governor of South Carolina James F. Byrnesa staunch supporter of segregation and former Supreme Court justice, he convinced justices to defy the court’s naming convention after promising voters that “white and coloured children won’t “mix” in schools”
Earlier this 12 monthsThe Supreme Court dismissed the request to alter the name.
3. Segregation was not mandatory in Kansas.
One reason for changing the name of the case was that, unlike the opposite 4 states included within the lawsuit, most of Kansas’ schools were already integrated.
They sued the Topeka Board of Education because: Kansas law of 1877 gave districts in large cities the flexibility to segregate elementary schools. Like schools in small towns across the state, Topeka High School was already integrated. By contrast, integrated schools in South Carolina weren’t only illegal; they were constitutionally mandated.
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4. Integration was never the goal.
The Browns were also the one plaintiffs to expressly ask the court to permit their daughter to attend an all-white school. South Carolina plaintiffs demanded. Their entire case was based on the idea that white students were making the most of the theft of funds paid for by Summerton’s majority black residents. 107 parents who signed the act Petitionthis led to a case demanding “educational advantages and facilities equal in all respects to those afforded to whites.”
5. Thurgood Marshall was not an attorney
Attorneys Robert Carter and Jack Greenberg represented the Topeka case, while Marshall initially filed the lawsuit in South Carolina. Only after the justices consolidated the cases was Marshall chosen to deliver oral arguments before the Supreme Court.
6. created a brand new type of school.
Have you ever wondered why the demographics of most cities are a lot whiter than the demographics of school districts? For example, while the under 18 population within the US is 47.3% whitepublic schools are 43% white.
He did it.
Instead of integrating their schools, tens of millions of white families abandoned public schools private, all-white schools that also exist today. Today, Republican legislators in Georgia, Florida and other states are struggling to make use of public funds to finance these private, mostly white institutions.
7.
One of essentially the most famous by-products was The infamous “Doll Study” by Dr. Kenneth Clark.
The first psychological research project cited by the Supreme Court was commissioned specifically for the Briggs case to point out the psychological effects of segregation on black children. Scientists found that racial discrimination created feelings of inferiority and self-loathing in black children: “If society says that it is better to be white, not only whites but also Negroes come to believe it, Clarke testified. “The child may try to escape the trap of inferiority by denying the fact of his race.”
8. The Briggs family was driven out of town.
Shortly after filing the petition, Harry Briggs, Sr. was fired from his job at a neighborhood gas station, as was his wife, Eliza Briggs. The bank president then took over the family automotive. Even the family cow was trapped.
Not seriously.
Never mind.
9. The case was a matter of life and death.
Equality and justice weren’t the one causes of the Briggs case. The spark that lit the fuse occurred when an elementary school student drowned after falling from a raft on his option to school. For many students it was the one option to get to high school. Even once they arrived safely in school, they still had to gather wood to make a fireplace because there was no heating in black schools.
If only black people cared about education.
10. The case didn’t concern integrated schools.
Down integrate means “to form, coordinate, or combine into a functioning or unified whole” or “to end segregation and ensure equal membership in a society or organization.” Integration is defined as “the inclusion of equals in society or the organization of individuals from different groups.”
The Supreme Court’s decision did none of this stuff
Even though the court unanimously ruled that segregation was unconstitutional; white people largely ignored this decision. South Carolina had only just begun the desegregation process 1963. Mississippi, Virginia and other states began “mass resistance“, which opposed the Supreme Court’s decision for 15 years. Even today, most Black people children attend schools segregated by skin color. Nationally, white children are a minority in the public school system, but 77% attend predominantly white schools. Most non-white school districts receive them $23 billion less in financing than their mostly white counterparts. Black activists took advantage of the Supreme Court’s decision to make sure that the American education system stays separate and unequal.

Education
NAACP asks for a formal meeting after the Kennesaw State University program is completed

NAACP in Georgia asked for a formal meeting with Kennesaw State University after the school announced that it deactivates a handful of “low producers”, including the Black Studies program.
In a recent note addressed to colleagues, officials on the third largest university in Georgia announced that it could deactivate Black Studies, Filosophy and Technical Communication Sofors, effective immediately, Then AND Atlanta’s voice Reported.
According to WABE, the assistant of the KSU Vice President for Strategic Communication, Tammy Demel, called programs “low producers” on account of their low number of scholars. In E -Mailes obtained by The Atlanta Voice, university officials, making an allowance for the low registration of scholars, the programs were not needed after re -evaluation and made the best decision on “limited resources”.
General’s University System of Criteria In the case of “low production” there is lower than 10 for a bachelor program. While black studies and technical communication programs had lower than 10 students, WABE announced that the philosophical program enrolled 40 students on April 29.
The “two -year teaching plan” shall be implemented in order that students currently enrolled in programs can complete them. The faculty and employees will keep their positions to proceed to supply minors, general education courses and select.
However, the commercial shocked members amongst lecturers, the student body and more.

“The NAACP conference in Georgia is concerned about reports on the potential elimination of the Black State program at Kennesaw State University,” said the organization in Edition published to X This definitely condemned this decision.
“The Black Studies program is not only an academic discipline-it is an important space for intellectual investigation, cultural affirmation and historical telling of the truth,” the organization continued. “His presence reflects the university’s involvement in integration education and a representation of marginalized votes in the academic canon. District of such a program would be a deep harmful to students of all environments and a clear background in the constant pursuit of justice and justice in higher education.”
According to Atlanta Voice, employees query the move to deactivate programs as a violation of resolutions adopted by the RCHSS Program Committee in April 2024.
Although the reason given was the low registration of scholars, because Trump’s administration is addressed to Dei programs and rules in schools and institutions throughout the country, it is difficult to disregard some.
“We intend to talk about the behavior and full support of the Black Studies program and ensure that the university will maintain its responsibility for supporting the diverse and integration of the academic community,” said Georgia NAACP.

(Tagstranslate) Black Studies (T) Education (T) Kennew State University
Education
Bill Bill Sparks Texas Bill

Guber
On May 3, Texas Governor Greg Abbott signed laws establishing a personal school coupon According to .
The law comes into force at the tip of 2026 before this, the Texas controller is designed to create an education savings account program.
According to The Bill 2 Senate allows families to make use of public dollars of taxpayers to finance child education in an accredited private school or paying for other expenses related to high school, akin to textbooks, transport or therapy. The port fund in the quantity of $ 1 billion establishes it as one in all the most important regulations regarding the alternative of faculty within the country.
This problem has been a source of competition in Texas for years. Democrats and village Republicans in a rustic who fought him say that coupons can ultimately harm public school systems that Texas is already insufficient, and plenty of inhabitants of low income from Texas, who cannot afford a personal school, even with the support of the coupon.
Coupon programs in other states have already been revealed as helpful for wealthy families who could already afford private teaching, on the expense of colourful students, special students and low -income students, in addition to resulting in disappointing academic results for college students.
“Remember about this day when the school closes in your area,” he said on the press conference Rep. James Talarico (D-Austin). “Remember that the next day his beloved teacher resigns because he cannot support his family to their salary. Remember this next mouth of local property taxes, because the state government does not make a fair share in school financing. And if the recession comes and we are forced to make even deeper cuts of public education, remember that day.”
Texas Rep. Gene Wu, (D-Houston) Democratic Chairman of the Club, was Critical of the 4 -level program system. “Billionaires can use it and there is only no explanation why. When it comes to raising poor people, just check poor people.”
According to ABC-13, although the bill has a priority to ascertain low-income students’ priorities and stays open to all levels of income, these goals He created doubts for education policy and public education experts About the state’s ability to assist children from Texas who need the best help.
Josh Cowen, professor of educational policy at Michigan State University and a critic of coupons programs, told The Outlet that there is no such thing as a method to win Abbott and help the lower and medium income at the identical time.
“(Legislators) are in a difficult place who really want to do it for children. What they are trying to do is create a universal coupon bill to win the governor, and at the same time adhere to messages, and maybe even a policy that is to help families with lower income and medium income. And these two goals of the conflict,” said Cowen.
In April, a representative of the state Jolanda Jones (D-Houston) argued in the course of the Houston Black Rescue City Hall that the coupon program was a two -level education system This brought only Texans who could afford private schools.
“Public dollars should not be spent in private places and spaces,” said Jones. “We don’t want coupons, because for everyone this is not good education, for some it is simply great education. Most private schools are $ 30,000, and $ 10,000 everything he does is his prosperity, a subsidiary for rich people.”
Education
The Department of Justice has completed a ten -year school desegregation order. Others are expected to fall

When the Department of Justice raised the order for school desegregation in Louisian this week, officials called his further existence “bad historical” and suggested that others with the Civil Rights Movement must be considered again.
The end of the legal agreement of 1966 with Plaquemines Parish Schools announced on Tuesday shows that Trump’s administration, “re -focusing of America in our bright future,” said the assistant of the Prosecutor General Harmeet Dhillon.
In the Department of Justice, officials appointed by President Donald Trump expressed their desire to withdraw from other desegregation orders, which they perceive as an unnecessary burden on schools, according to a person conversant in the issue that received anonymity because they weren’t authorized to speak public.
Dozens of school districts within the south remain as part of contracts enforced by the court, dictating steps in the sector of integration, many years after the Supreme Court limited racial segregation in education. Some perceive the strength of court orders as a sign that the federal government has never eliminated segregation, while officials in Louisiana and in some schools perceive orders as past relics that must be removed.
The Department of Justice opened a wave of matters within the Sixties, after the Congress released the department to follow schools that were based on desegregation. Known as consent decrees, orders may be raised when districts prove that they’ve eliminated segregation and its heritage.

The small district of Louisiana has a long -lasting case of integration
The Trump administration called Plaquemines an example of administrative neglect. It was found that the Delta Delta of the Mississippi River within the south -eastern Louisiana integrated in 1975, however the case was to remain under the view of the court for the subsequent yr. The judge died in the identical yr, and the judicial register “seems to be lost in time,” in accordance with the court application.
“Considering that this case remained for half a century with zero proceedings by the court, parties or any third parties, the parties are satisfied that the United States’s claims were fully resolved,” in accordance with the joint submission of the Department of Justice and the Office of the Prosecutor General Liz Murill.
SUPERINTENDENT Plaquemines Shelley Ritz said that the officials of the Department of Justice still visited yearly in 2023 and asked for data on topics, including employment and discipline. She said that the documentation was a burden for her district lower than 4,000 students.
“These were data compilation hours,” she said.
Louisiana “gained his act ten years ago,” said Leo Terrell, senior adviser to the Civil Rights Department on the Department of Justice, in a statement. He said that the discharge is corrected by historical evil, adding that “the time had been going to recognize how far we have come.”
Murrill asked the Department of Justice to close other school orders in her condition. In a statement she promised cooperation with schools in Louisiana to help them “put the past in the past.”
Activists for civil rights claim that that is the improper move. Many orders have been loosely enforced only in recent many years, but this doesn’t mean that problems have been resolved, said Johnathan Smith, who worked within the Department of Civil Rights of the Department of Justice in the course of the administration of President Joe Biden.
“It probably means the opposite – that the school district remains sorted. In fact, most of these districts are now more sorted than in 1954.” – said Smith, who’s currently the chief of staff and general adviser to the National Center for Youth Law.

Desegregation orders include a number of instructions
According to the files of submitting this yr, over 130 school systems are based on the desegregation orders of the Department of Justice. The overwhelming majority are in Alabama, Georgia and Mississippi, with smaller numbers in states equivalent to Florida, Louisiana and South Karolina. Some other districts remain on the premise of separate desegregation agreements with the education department.
Orders may include a number of remedies, from bus requirements to district policy, enabling students in black schools to transfer to the fundamental white. Agreements are between the school district and the US government, but other parties may ask the court to intervene after they resumed signs of segregation.
In 2020, the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund referred to the Decree of consent within the Leeds school district in Alabama, when he stopped offering school meals in the course of the Covid-19 pandemic. The Civil Rights Group said that it’s disproportionately harmful to black students, in violation of the desegregation order. The district agreed to resume meals.
Last yr, the school board in Louisiana closed mainly the Black Primary School near the petrochemical institution after NACP Legal Defense and Education Fund said that he disproportionately exposes black students to health threats. The Council made a decision after the group submitted a request to a ten -year desegregation order within the parish of St. John the Baptist.
Closing cases can lead to legal challenges
The release caused alarms amongst some who are afraid that this may occasionally withdraw his many years of progress. Research on districts exempt from orders showed that many have recorded a greater increase in racial segregation compared to those that are subject to court orders.
“In many cases, schools react quite quickly and there are new fears regarding civil rights for students,” said Halley Potter, an older worker of the Century Foundation who studies educational inequality.
The end of orders would cause that desegregation isn’t any longer a priority, said Robert Westley, a professor of anti -discrimination law on the Tulane University Law School in New Orleans.
“It is really a signaling that the deviation that began some time ago is completed,” said Westley. “The United States government no longer cares about dealing with problems of racial discrimination in schools. This is the end.”
Raymond Pierce, president and general director of Southern Education Foundation.
“This is a disregard for education for a large part of America. It is a disregard for America’s need for an educated labor force,” he said. “And it is a disregard for the rule of law.”

(Tagstranslate) Education
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