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Before October 7, rebuilding Gaza was seen as a “Herculean” task; six months of bombing led to crises that would long outlast the war

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More than ten years ago, a United Nations report described the Gaza Strip as virtually uninhabitableadding that it would take a “Herculean effort” to change this.

Today, after six months of bombing, mass shift and the Israeli siege, the task of rebuilding Gaza seems virtually unimaginable.

I’m scientist and systems engineer who as director of research Center for Health and Humanitarian Systems at Georgia Techexamines the intersections of public health and education, specializing in optimizing systems for effective and equitable access to essential services.

I do know that in the best of times, designing complex systems involving people, communities, technologies, and limited resources – often with conflicting priorities and impacting multiple segments of society – is an incredibly complex challenge. Doing this in the middle of geopolitical conflict makes the problem seem unimaginable.

However, what we’re currently coping with in Gaza is on a completely different scale. The enclave stands cascading crises – a condition through which multiple interrelated crises occur sequentially or concurrently, each triggering or exacerbating the next. And while it’s difficult to look beyond the each day horrors of the war in Gaza, there’ll come a time when the world will begin to turn to recovery and rebuilding. The fear is that cascading crises will make this process way more difficult and, furthermore, increase the human costs of this conflict in the years to come.

Beyond the death toll

as UN report from 2012 questioning the “livability” of Gaza, the occupied enclave has long faced serious problems in providing for the people living in a single of the most densely populated areas in the world. My mother, who lives in the West Bank, often visited Gaza as part of her duties as a member of the Commission Palestinian National Council and the General Secretariat of the General Union of Palestinian Women. She shared stories about the country’s wealthy culture, but additionally about noticeable problems such as the lingering smell of sewage and unemployment above 45%.

Of course, after months of Israeli bombing following the Hamas attack on October 7, 2023, the immediate concern is human lives. The conflict has already occurred killed over 33,000 people in Gazaaccording to Gaza health authorities.

However, the devastation brought on by armed conflicts goes beyond direct casualties. Causal paths – that is, chains of events whose effects might be felt in the long term – mean that the current conflict will almost definitely lead to lasting social and health crises. And those the research have shownmay dwarf the devastation of energetic conflict, each in scope and severity.

An evaluation of 13 recent armed conflicts by the Geneva Declaration Secretariat, a UN-backed initiative, found that in 12 of them the number of indirect deaths exceeded the number of direct deaths.

The report conservatively estimates that for all and sundry who dies as a direct result of war, 4 more die as a result of its indirect effects – such as waterborne diseases brought on by a lack of secure, clean water and the destruction of water treatment facilities, or deaths as a result of childbirth complications brought on by interruptions in the provision of health services.

Given the scale and scope of destruction brought on by six months of bombing, the consequences of the war in Gaza could also be much more serious. And while these effects are frequently felt with a delay, they’re already happening in Gaza. Economic collapse, infrastructure destruction, environmental damage and displacement have created a multidimensional crisis.

Vulnerable systems

To understand the challenge of overcoming Gaza’s cascading crises, it’s value taking a snapshot of the effects of the months-long conflict.

War does devastated the enclave’s economy. In mid-February, the UN estimated that almost half of all farmland had been destroyed and a few According to reports, 70% of Gaza’s fishing fleet was destroyed.

In the first months of bombing almost 70% of Gaza’s 439,000 homes and about half of all buildings – including shops – were damaged or destroyed.

Meanwhile, the destruction of Gaza’s health infrastructure has left roughly three-quarters of hospitals and two-thirds of primary care clinics closed turning offonly when leaving 10 of 36 hospitals are barely functioningamputations are performed without anesthesiaAND the number of miscarriages increased by 300%.

An injured Palestinian boy is treated on the floor at Al Aqsa Hospital in Gaza.
AP Photo/Ismael Abu Dayyah

This health crisis has been made worse by: lack of clean water and essential medical supplies. It contributed to a sharp increase in the number of infectious diseases, acute respiratory infections, severe dehydration and diarrhea.

Hospitals and clinics, and lots of of them, are combating the problem of functioning without electricity health care staff were injured or killed, which drastically affects the efficiency of the healthcare system. And many schools and universities were destroyed, making education inaccessible. When the war ends, Palestinians in Gaza will emerge from the conflict with their education, health, housing, and economic systems under profound threat.

Reconstruction cost

All these aspects are interconnected. In other words, they make one another worse and create a cascading effect of negative impacts on Palestinians in Gaza. Take, for instance, the query of mass displacement, z 1.7 million people forced to leave their homes which have been largely destroyed: this affects people’s ability to earn a living, leading to increased poverty and a greater risk of malnutrition.

The aftermath of the conflict requires rebuilding many features of society, including social structures, health, infrastructure and education – all of which have been severely disrupted.

Take education as one other example: disruptions to kid’s learning not only impact individual learning and development, but additionally have long-term consequences for the overall well-being of communities. The trauma of war means many children will face serious challenges even when the bombing stops. Loss of education will reduce employment opportunities, which in turn will impact the overall economy.

Solving this problem would require an integrated approach that not only focuses on the physical reconstruction of schools, but additionally takes under consideration the quality of education and psychological and social support for youngsters. The UN projects that 1 million children – almost every child in Gaza – will need mental health and psychosocial support. Meanwhile, rebuilding Gaza’s public health systems would require solutions that not only address immediate medical needs, but additionally address broader infrastructure – including mental health services and vaccination programs, as well as the provision of essential medicines.

Rebuilding cities facing the cascading crises facing Gaza is a daunting prospect. And while this task could appear insurmountable at the moment, with cooperation, coordination and courage, it isn’t unimaginable.

However, it’s a challenge that becomes harder with each passing day that the war in Gaza continues.


This article was originally published on : theconversation.com
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Health and Wellness

ESScent of the week: Purple dreams come true with the latest fragrance from Parfums de Marly – Essence

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Remember when Rihanna he said that her reign just won’t let up? Well, neither will Parfums de Marly — especially with their recent purple reign.

I had been anticipating the release for weeks (like many of us), and after I finally got to smell it, I used to be absolutely blown away—in the very best way. You’d think I’d expect nothing less from one of my favorite area of interest perfume houses, but this scent was truly something special.

You know that feeling when a perfume is only for you? It’s rare, but when it happens, it’s magical. It’s shiny, floral, and absolutely charming — housed in a classy mauve bottle that is as stunning as the scent itself (but let’s be honest, all Parfums de Marly perfumes are masterpieces).

What stands out is the balance of fruit, florals, and a touch of powdery softness. It opens with mandarin and pear (two of my favorite notes) which are immediately uplifting. But once that violet petal shows up? Game over. It’s fresh without being too sweet, and I really like the way it dries all the way down to a smooth, creamy sandalwood finish. It’s a scent that feels each fun and complicated—perfect for a daytime brunch or an evening out.

There is something about Parfums de Marly that keeps them at the top of the area of interest fragrance game they usually prove it once more. Their scents aren’t just well-made; they evoke a mood, a sense, a vibration. They know the best way to create luxury without being over the top, and every of their scents looks like a piece of art. Whether it’s sensual, flirty or opulent, you realize you’re in for something special.

Why I find it irresistible: is a robust fragrance centered around a contemporary floral bouquet with fresh fruity and powdery notes. I really like the way it revolves around the violet petal, enhanced by the unique masculine-turned-feminine lavender. This lightness gives it an unsettling twist unlike the rest in my collection. In addition, the base notes of musk, patchouli and vanilla give a warm, velvety hug that lasts all day. At $375, it’s an investment, but well value it for its luxurious composition and longevity.

It’s not only me who can’t get enough of this scent — beauty lovers and scent connoisseurs all over the place are raving about it . In fact, #FragranceTok OGs like Zoe, Princess of PerfumeAND Karolina Stern have singled it out as a standout addition to Parfums de Marly’s already excellent offering, with some loving how the violet and sandalwood give it an unconventional twist. The purple bottle can be successful, attracting fans who appreciate the combination of elegance and playfulness.

But what really sets them apart is their ability to mix beautifully with other scents. , with a creamy sandalwood base, it begs to be mixed and matched. Which brings me to…

Perfect mixtures: If you like experimenting with scents like I do, you’ll have plenty of room to play with . For extra warmth, try layering it on yourself so as to add a comfortable, woodsy vibe. It enhances the sandalwood and adds extra depth. It’s also an awesome layering partner for floral days. Peony adds a soft, romantic touch to violets.

It’s a flexible fragrance that will be worn day or night. It has presence without being overpowering, and leaves a mark that’s each sophisticated and playful. As at all times, Parfums de Marly offers something special and is solely the latest example of their mastery of fragrance. If you haven’t tried it yet, what are you waiting for?


This article was originally published on : www.essence.com
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Health and Wellness

Many people in the Pacific do not have access to adequate toilets, and climate change is making the situation worse.

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The Pacific Islands may conjure up images of vast coastlines and picturesque landscapes. But while this a part of the world may seem like paradise, many locals face a serious public health problem.

By Pacific Nationsalmost half one million people they live in informal urban settlements that lack adequate sanitation, which can result in limited access to functioning toilets.

This has an impact on health, well-being, education and livelihoods, especially for girlschildren, elderly people and disabled people.

Our recent study published in the journal Nature Pure water NPJWe examined the state of sanitation in several informal urban settlements in two Pacific countries – Fiji and Vanuatu. Our findings show that this is an issue that requires urgent attention.

Field research

We worked with researchers from the University of the South Pacific to survey households and examine sanitation infrastructure. Our team surveyed 393 households in nine informal urban settlements in the capitals of Fiji (Suva) and Vanuatu (Port Vila).

These housing estates are developing when people decide on uninhabited land that has not been planned for development, often due to a scarcity of reasonably priced housing options. Informal urban settlements often lack access to basic services and infrastructure, corresponding to sewage systems, electricity, paved roads and waste collection.

We found that although piped water is available, the majority of households (between 56% and 100% of households in each settlement) still depend on unsafe sanitation to manage human waste. Many use poorly constructed dry pits – for instance, a plinth over a hole in the ground – or cesspools. These toilets have no plumbing and do not use running water for flushing. All are positioned on-site (in or near the home), meaning that waste, treated or untreated, stays in the settlement.

Our team inspected sanitation infrastructure in nearly 400 households in Vanuatu (pictured) and Fiji.
Benny Zuse Rousso

In addition to on a regular basis challenges, we found that one in three households loses access to functioning toilets during heavy rains, cyclones or floods. Dry well systems are 4 to eight times more likely to be damaged during climate events than water systems in the same settlements.

We also found that secure waste management, particularly from septic tanks and pits, poses significant challenges for residents. Even when toilets can be found and functioning properly, there is often no secure and sustainable way to manage waste that accumulates in pits and tanks.

In many cases, sediment is dumped into open areas in the settlement, into local rivers, or seeps into the ground. This can contaminate water sources and create serious environmental and public health hazards.

In addition, we found that cyclones and heavy rains destroy sanitation systems, causing sewage to overflow and contaminating water resources.

Communities in danger

Water reservoir along the houses.
Waste management poses significant challenges.
Benny Zuse Rousso

Melanesian countries, including Vanuatu and Fiji, are particularly vulnerable to serious climatic hazardswhich makes it crucial that the sanitation infrastructure in informal urban settlements is able to withstand these environmental hazards.

Poor sanitary conditions in these areas leads to the spread diseases corresponding to diarrheaintestinal worms and trachoma. Studies show that improving water and sanitation systems significantly reduce the risk child deaths and deaths attributable to diarrhea.

Estimates from the World Health Organization and UNICEF indicate that lower than 3% urban population in Fiji and Vanuatu use unimproved or unsafe sanitation facilities – that is, facilities that do not allow for the secure collection, treatment and disposal of human waste.

This figure contrasts sharply with our finding that the majority of households in informal urban settlements depend on unsafe sanitation conditions. It highlights the need for improved monitoring strategies that distinguish informal settlements from formally planned areas.

How can we solve this problem?

Toilets alone won’t solve the problem. Communities need a comprehensive approach that addresses sanitation management at every stage. This will include creating a whole service chain that ensures reliable waste removal, treatment and disposal, and is resilient to disasters.

This means constructing local expertise, supporting local service providers, ensuring systems are well maintained and promoting community ownership of those systems to ensure long-term sustainability.

Outdoor toilet block, with view of mountain and trees in background.
We found that the majority of households in informal urban settlements profit from unsafe sanitation conditions.
Benny Zuse Rousso

In informal settlements, the provision of those services is rather more difficult than in formal urban areas, mainly due to the uncertain land tenure situation and limited access to adequate infrastructure, which makes the work of service providers difficult.

However, a significant slice of the urban population of the Pacific living in informal settlementsfinding effective ways to safely manage sanitation conditions in these communities is essential.

This sixth sustainable development goal goals to provide clean water and sanitation for all. Addressing the sanitation crisis in the Pacific Islands is about protecting health, restoring dignity, supporting livelihoods and constructing resilience at the household and community level, that are at the frontline of an increasingly uncertain future.

This article was originally published on : theconversation.com
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Health and Wellness

Herrana Addisu’s “River” Refers to Ethiopian Beauty Standards – Essence

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Courtesy of Kendall Bessent

What does visibility seem like? Growing up in Ethiopia, SheaMoisture Grant– Filmmaker and artist Herrana Addisu’s work is devoted to shedding light on women in conflict and wonder standards in her home country. This can also be the case in her latest film, supported by Tina Knowles. “[River is] “It’s a story that I’ve been writing in my head my whole life because it’s the foundation of my life and my livelihood as a child,” Addisu tells ESSENCE.

Herrana Addisu's 'River' Touches Ethiopian Beauty Standards

After winning the Blueprint Grant last August, SheaMoisture has taken on the role of a creative agency Chucha Studio to produce a movie that might bring to life a narrative that the black community could relate to. Focusing on culturally and politically sensitive topics—from access to water and education to ancestral lessons, forced marriages, and wonder standards—Adisu took the funds back to Ethiopia (to work with an area production house Dog Movies) tell her story.

“I wanted the film to have these complicated conversations that we don’t always have in this day and age,” she says. For example, Ethiopian stick-and-poke tattooing (often known as “Niksat”) is a typical tradition that runs through each of her pieces. “Growing up, I always thought it was beautiful,” she says. “But there’s a certain reluctance to do it, because a lot of women don’t feel like they’re consenting to have a permanent tattoo.”

Herrana Addisu's 'River' Touches Ethiopian Beauty Standards

Referencing cultural and traditional views of beauty, she cites spiritual icons of black hair within the church as a central theme. “Our old Bibles and paintings that I grew up seeing are of black angels and they have mini afros,” says Addisu, who placed them on the actors alongside cornrows, scarves and hairdos. “My blackness was so obvious to me that I wanted to show that in the film as well.”

Herrana Addisu's 'River' Touches Ethiopian Beauty Standards

But as an artist, she also embodies the sweetness she captures. After shooting in Ethiopia, Adisu returned to New York to take part in the series alongside .[Photographer] Kendall Bessant I had the concept to test my limits in doing this cone on my head,” she says. “It’s very easy to push those limits to a certain extent once you’re behind the lens after which in front of it.”

Herrana Addisu's 'River' Touches Ethiopian Beauty Standards

In one photo, she props her chin on a jewellery stand, her hair bouffant, and in one other, her curls are in front of a riverscape, alluding to the source of life within the film. “Water flows in the global South, especially in the rivers of Utopia, are very important not only in rural communities but also in urban ones,” she says.

But the river can also be a source of vulnerability for ladies, who’re exposed to violence, kidnapping and trafficking as they carry water. “I thought that was a powerful catalyst that brought the whole aspect of the film together.”

Herrana Addisu's 'River' Touches Ethiopian Beauty Standards


This article was originally published on : www.essence.com
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