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The fate of migrant workers murdered and held hostage in the Middle East exposes Israel’s dependence on foreign labor

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An Indian employee in Israel was killed and several other migrant workers injured on March 4, 2024 missile attack launched from Lebanon by Hezbollah allied with Hamas.

These should not the first migrant workers in Israel to be caught up in the months-long fighting. Dozens of other farmers, agricultural apprentices and caregivers from countries including Thailand, Nepal, Tanzania, Cambodia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Moldova have been murdered or taken hostage during the October 7 Hamas attack.

A big number of non-Israeli workers affected by the current war surprised some viewers while shedding light on Israel’s dependence on temporary migrant workers.

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But as researchers investigating spread of migrant workers around the world we know the way labor migration programs have modified just about all societies, including Israel. The long-running Israeli-Palestinian conflict has shaped the history of Israeli migrant workers and contributed to the globalization of labor in the Middle East.

Global history

The initial recruitment of foreign workers to Israel, which began in the Nineteen Seventies trend after World War II which has resulted in higher-income countries – equivalent to the United States, France and West Germany – signing agreements to recruit migrant workers with poorer countries. These poorer countries, which included, amongst others, Mexico, Spain and Turkey overcame their initial reluctance to lose some of their population and began to see emigration as a modernization strategy. The idea was that emigrants could acquire modern agricultural or industrial skills abroad while sending money to spur development in their home communities.

In the Nineteen Seventies and Nineteen Eighties many countries in South and Southeast Asia have begun to advertise the export of migrant workers as a key element of their economic development strategies. At the same time, host countries he became addicted on the idea of ​​a versatile, temporary workforce that might not trigger anti-immigrant sentiment as much as more settled migrants apparently did.

Israel’s relationship with Thai workers initially stemmed from U.S. support for the 1979 peace agreement between Israel and Egypt. US government recruited Thai workers who once worked on Vietnam-era US military bases in northeastern Thailand, helping to construct a brand new air force base in Israel.

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The arrival of Thai migrant workers alongside Portuguese workers has sparked public controversy amongst Israeli lawmakers, trade unionists and the media over the creation of a divided labor market, based on a study by one of us showed. Meanwhile, others apprehensive that the workers’ presence violated Zionist dictates guaranteeing a Jewish majority.

A Thai employee works in a field near the Gaza Strip.
Ilia Yefimovich/picture Alliance via Getty Images

The Israeli government is attempting to resolve these contradictions he began experimenting with a migration policy designed for a brand new category of workers – neither Jews nor Palestinians – who were to stay separate from Israeli society.

Ten years later, in a unique political moment, these political ideas became concrete in a brand new category of people in Israel: “foreign worker

Growing recruitment

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict pushed the “foreign workers” policy forward. Although Israel was founded on the ideology of “avoda ivrit,” or Hebrew work, the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza since 1967 has led to the recruitment of a whole lot of hundreds of Palestinian workers who’ve change into a horny low paid labor.

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They soon recovered constitute 7% of employees in the entire Israeli labor market, 24% of workers in the agricultural sector and 60% in the construction sector.

Non-citizen Palestinian workers commuted day by day to work from the West Bank and Gaza, controlled by: permit regime and regulations.

When the first Palestinian rebellion, or intifada, began in 1987, some members of Israeli society began to view such workers as security threat.

The 1993 Oslo Accords, which were intended to foment “separation” between Israelis and Palestinians, further pushed Israel to attenuate its dependence on non-citizen Palestinian workers.

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To fill in the gaps, Israeli employers convinced the government to significantly expand the recruitment of temporary workers to exchange them. In addition to Thailand, countries equivalent to China, India, Nepal, the Philippines, Romania and Turkey have recognized the opportunity and allowed Israeli employers to recruit inside their borders. Until 2003, migrant workers they constituted 10% of the workforce in Israel.

Creating marginal workers

Migrant workers in Israel, like their counterparts around the world, are long gone susceptible to exploitation.

Many of their countries of origin didn’t demand commitment to securing the rights of their residents in the form of: bilateral agreement on worker recruitment. And migrant workers through private recruitment channels needed to pay hundreds of dollars in illegal registration fees, which caused them to start out their journey deep in debt.

Meanwhile, Israeli government policy has attempted to just do that keep migrants out of society through confinement to specific industries, obliging them to depart the country after the end of their employment contract, excluding them from labor law public health system AND prohibition them from marrying or engaging in romantic relationships while in Israel.

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The authorities didn’t attach much importance to labor standards, leaving, for instance, agricultural workers sensitive Down theft of earningsterrible housing conditions and exposure to pesticides without adequate protection.

Under pressure from the U.S. government and Israeli civil society over the past decade, Israel began signing the agreement bilateral agreements with migrant-sending countries. Thanks to this, excessive recruitment fees were eliminated, even in the event that they failed in order to significantly improve working conditions.

Still, the number of migrant workers has increased it grew slowly but continuously. In 2022, a complete of 73,000 migrants in Israel worked as caregivers, and almost 50,000 combined in the construction and agricultural sectors.

A man stands in a bomb shelter.
A Thai employee took refuge in an underground bunker in Metula, Israel.
Marcus Yam/LA Times via Getty Images

However, these migrants didn’t eliminate the need for possessions Palestinian work in the mixture. Until October 7, 2023, roughly 100,000 Palestinian workers from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank crossed the border day by day.

In a harmful way

As of October 7, Israeli authorities have revoked the work permits of these Palestinians and have attempted to achieve this hire hundreds of latest employees to fields and construction sites to fill the gaps.

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Malawi, the country that it began to matter on migrant remittances a long time before Thailand, sent 700 farm workers and I promise nevertheless, one other 9,000 are on the way criticism from the votes inside the African nation itself.

In India, which has long sent caregivers to Israel, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government ignored internal criticism and sent more workers to Israel in the wake of the October 7 attack, including Pat Nibin Maxwellman killed in Hezbollah attack on March 4.

Workers like Maxwell are currently being sent to work near the borders of Lebanon and Gaza, where they work in farming communities vulnerable to the Hamas and Hezbollah attacks which have occurred exhausted from the evacuation inhabitants of Israel.

Although foreign governments are in a position to guarantee their residents little protection in Israel, hundreds lined up in their countries searching for a contract.

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Once in Israel, they join the overwhelming majority of migrant workers who’ve chosen to stay in the country despite the October 7 attack and its aftermath.

Like hundreds of thousands of workers migrating around the world in search of economic progress or survival, they’ve for now calculated that earning higher wages abroad is price taking significant personal risks.

Helping to sustain Israel’s wartime economy, these migrant workers remain in the path of rockets – as the death of Pat Nibin Maxwell illustrates.

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International

The fall of Assad in Syria will additionally weaken Hezbollah and limit the “iranization” of the Tehran region

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The fall of President Bashar Assad will not only affect 24 million Syrians who lived – and suffered a big extent – under his brutal rule. An influence can be felt above the border in Lebanon.

The fall of Assad’s government is one other blow to his Lebanese ally, Hezbollah, who was already Encouraging with Israel’s conflict, which weakened its capabilities and decimated his leadership. But many others in Lebanon will be rejoicingespecially 1.5 million Refugees who escaped from Syria Escar Assad and a 13-year civil war.

As Expert in the field of Library history and cultureI believe that waves from Syria needs to be expected. Contemporary stories of each countries are related, and by a 54-year rule, the Assad family has repeatedly intervened in Lebanon-mainly to the detriment of their people, economy and stability.

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Hezbollah and assad: mutual relationship

Since its inception in the early Eighties, Hezbollah benefited from the strong support of the Syrian regime. There They were tension moments Certainly between them – especially in the middle of the civil war in Lebanon. But in general, Hezbollah was in a position to depend on Syria for a weaponTraining and easy land Access to Iran.

And this agreement was mutual. When Assad’s rule was questioned in 2011 and the country went to the civil war, Hezbollah fighters He moved to Syria strengthen government troops.

But by becoming the strongest paramilitary being in Lebanon, Hezbollah saw his fortune suffered. The last war with Israel seriously weakened the group and forced her to Acceptance of a weapon suspension agreement This covers the path towards disarmament.

In addition, Lebanese support for Hezbollah modified dramatically, with the group’s open calls to stop her paramilitary activity. The war of the group with Israel cost life 3,700 people in Lebanonand around 1.2 million Lebanese -around one fifth population-internally displaced from their homes. Meanwhile, economic loss Lebanon is estimated in billions of dollars.

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Iran, Assad and Hezbollah triangle

It isn’t any accident that the recent progress of the rebels led to the refutation of Assad On the same day, the suspension of Israel-Hezbollah weapons was signed. Hesbollah forces were exhausted, and many of their warriors withdrew from Syria strengthen the southern border of Lebanon.

Syrian rebels selected this moment to hit, knowing that Iran was also too thin with the war of Israel-Hezbollahu to return to help help.

The domino effect caused Iran to unravel “Iran”Resistance axis. “Certainly Tehran lost hard over Syria and Lebanon.

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The proven fact that the fall of Assad coincides with the potential end of the Syria civil war and the Iran-Syria-Hezbollah alliance; It is the starting of the Art Nouveau war that helped anchor this three -sided relationship.

In 2011 Arabian spring -Seria pro-democracy and protests of human rights that began in Tunisia-she made to Syria. Anti -ssad protests broke out in Daraa and soon spread to the foremost cities, reminiscent of Homs, Hama and The Capital, Damascus.

Syrian government He answered with brutalityordering soldiers to shoot protesters, while stopping and torturing hundreds of men and boys.

International Outrage appeared. But the Syrian government remained in power with the support of Iran and Hezbollah. In fact, in addition to Hezbollah fighters, the Corps of the Revolutionary Guard Iran also advised Assad and fought alongside his army against the Syrian nation.

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For Tehran and his proxy, Hezbollah, this helped in the further “andranization” of the region – that’s, the spread of the ideology of the Iranian revolution and Conversion of Syria and Lebanon to the Shiite states.

Syria is principally a Sunni Muslim. Under the family of Assad ruled it Alawite minority – A gaggle that practices a branch of Shiite Islam. Hezbollah, as a Shiite terrorist group, swore loyalty to the highest leader of Iran in his own 1985 manifesto.

The Palestinian cause was one other uniting factor between these three. The revolutionary Iran Credo after 1979 “Death for Israel” is a sentiment shared by the Assad regime and Hezbollah fighters. However, Assad might have been less loud about this – especially since he tried to barter with Israel over the occupied Golan Heights.

Syria, Iran and Hezbollah Assad weren’t only united by radicalism and their desire to control the region. They also divided economic interests and benefited from trade in illegal drugs, In particular, CaptagonAmphetamine stimulant, which is mass -produced in Syria under the patronage of Assad and Iran. The drug is another and significant source of income at a time when international sanctions were bitten.

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With the help of Hezbollah and his control over the airport and Lebanon’s seaport, the drug has turn into widely available in the Persian Gulf. Its highly addictive nature is an actual threat in the Arab world, and Assad used it to exert pressure on Saudi Arabia Restoration of membership in Syria in the Arab League In 2023, in return, the Syrian regime agreed to redirect drug trafficking elsewhere.

Assad’s heritage

Along with the defeat of Hezbollah in Lebanon and the fall of the Syrian regime, the region’s “ianization” is no less than detained.

Nevertheless, 54 years of family rule of Assad in Syria left a protracted trace of destruction in neighboring Lebanon.

IN June 1976 Syria sent over 25,000 soldiers Above the border to place an end to the Lebanese civil war. His presence was to be temporary, but was prolonged to over 4 many years.

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Before the Lebanese civil war ended in 1991, Syria took complete control over Lebanon territory, in addition to national and international matters. Serious violations of human rights, including disappearance, illegal detention, torture and torture, have been reported Murder of political characters and journalists.

In February 2005, Lebanese Prime Minister Rafot Hariri – which publicly opposed the Syrian hegemony in Lebanon – he was murdered in an attack in which Assad and Senior Syrian officers They were strongly involved.

Hundreds of hundreds of Lebanese people prove to mourn the murder of Hariri Rafi.
Ghaith Abdul-Ahad/Getty Images

The murder caused Cedar revolutionWhen tons of of hundreds of Lebanese inhabitants got here out into the streets, demanding the immediate departure of Syrian forces.

Although Syrian forces left Lebanon, the Syrian regime continued to interfere in the country’s policy through Hezbollah, which transformed right into a political and military organization and entered the government in 2008.

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From that moment, Hezbollah would block every decision that didn’t serve the interests of Syria and Iran. For example, Hezbollah and his allies vetoed every presidential candidate who didn’t support the Syrian regime – a politician who fell into Lebanon in the prolonged Presidential vacuum.

Uncertain future

While Hezbollah can proceed to operate in Lebanon and under the umbrella of Iran, the fall of Assad signifies that it’s devoid of deliveries.

Without Syria, Hezbollah doesn’t have quick access to Iranian fighters and weapons – and the newly signed suspension of weapons between Lebanon and Israel confirms the commitment of Lebanon in A UN resolution Calling for disarming Hezbollah.

And even though it isn’t clear what New Syria will appear to be, no less than at the moment the populations of Lebanon and Syria – they each suffered under brutal rule and abuse of Hezbollah – they can enjoy after the departure of a person answerable for so many pain.

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Local government democratic north-eastern Syria will be attacked in a actual country

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After greater than a decade of the brutal Civil War of Islamist fighters, it took only 11 days to survive Syria and overthrow the Bashar Al-Assad regime. The offensive, which was conducted by the Turkish Syrian (SNA) and Hayat Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) National Army, forced many residents of Western Syria to flee from homes in search of security.

Meanwhile, others have a good time the tip of the five -year rule of the Assad family. There They are long queues People and cars on the Library border border, when displaced people return to Syria, and on the border with Turkey there are also significant grubs.

According to Ali Yerlikay, the Minister of the Interior of Turkey, the monthly average of Syrians crossing the border he almost doubled In sooner or later after overthrowing Assad.

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While these events were developing, the situation of a de facto self-governing region in the northeastern a part of the country called the autonomous administration of northeastern Syria (also generally known as Rojava) didn’t pay much attention to international media. The SNA rebel offensive is successful in the region.

The region management body has called the autumn Assada a significant moment and expressed hopes for a latest chapter in Syria. And the powerful armed groups of Rojaavy, the units of the People’s Protection (YPG) and the democratic forces supported by the USA (SDF), even have each Expressed optimism About the autumn of the Assad regime.

These statements reflect a common sense of hope and commitment to constructive dialogue and cooperation in shaping the longer term of Syria. But Rojava, which was a lighthouse Kurdish complacency And democratic management from the start of 2010, when several districts have announced autonomy, is threatened with each internal and external forces.

There are tensions between the SDF and Arabic tribes over the political influence and abundant natural resources of Rojava. In Manbija, a city west of the Euphrates River in northern Syria, there was Heavy clashes Between SDF and Sna from the start of the rebel offensive. SDF successfully informed rejecting many attacks, but eventually withdrew from the town.

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Apparently also offensive Began in Kobanewhich is perceived because the birthplace of the Rojav Revolution and a symbol of Kurdish resistance. The city is the place of the important thing battlefield, where Kurdish fighters defeated the Islamic State (IS) in 2014.

In other cities in the region, corresponding to Raqqa, Tabqa and the important thing desert city of Deir Ez-Zor, Arabs are demographically more quite a few than the Kurds. The way forward for cooperation between two groups in these areas dominated by Arabs stays uncertain.

Over the past week, SDF fighters captured Deir Ez-Zor and took control of the primary border crossing of Syria with Iraq. Recently, nevertheless, there There were reports suggesting that HTS warriors gain control over the town.

Externally, Turkish military operations geared toward weakening the region’s Kurdish control are a constant threat to Rojava. Türkiye perceives SDF and YPG as an extension of the forbidden party of Kurdistan staff and motion to stop the Kurdish autonomous region along its border to acquire political status that Türkiye perceives as a direct threat to its national security.

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So in cooperation with the Allied groups of jihadists, Türkiye has conducted several operations in northern Syria in recent years to ascertain “Safe Zone” push the Kurdish forces. Turkish forces He took control earlier Afrin cities in the northwestern a part of Syria in 2018, which was then under Rojava’s control.

These activities drew international criticism accusations violations of human rights and war crimes. Sweden with several other European countries, He stopped weapon trade with Turkey in 2019. However, Sweden later He raised the restrictions During the technique of submitting an application for attachment to NATO.

Türkiye plays a key role of an ally for the movements of the Syrian opposition, especially Sna. Served as a very important support system for rebel forces throughout the last offensive, like this He did it consistently in the past.

Rojaava’s future is predicated on his ability to maneuver in complex dynamics. Maintaining US support is crucial since the American military presence is deterrent to Turkish aggression. However, the region must also cope with internal divisions and work on greater Arab-Rurdic reconciliation to make sure long-term stability.

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Path forward

Opposition groups in Syria are very fragmented and we don’t yet understand how power struggles arise amongst them. We know that HTS and its leader Abu Muhammad Al-Jolani have historical connections with Al-Qaeda and IS. The group is now presented in a more moderate light, but there may be a lot of uncertainty.

On the opposite hand, Rojava fought against IS, Jazides were protected during a genocidal campaign against them and established humanitarian corridors to evacuate them and strives to implement a multi -ethnic society based on direct democracy, ecology and sex equality.

Rojava social contract card He protects these principles and provides the representation and rights of Kurds, Arabs, Jazydów, Syriaj-Casyrians, Turkmens, Armenians and others.

The Kurds in Brussels, Belgium protest against the Military Action of Turkey in north -eastern Syria in 2019.
Alexandros Michailidis / Shutterstock

It is troublesome that despite the apparent “confidence” in Jolani – a character who He was once marked “The most sought after terrorist in the world” – as a moderate revolutionary leader, since its establishment has not been recognized by the democratic Ryjaava model.

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Instead of receiving the merit of support, Rojava is concentrated on questions on the priorities of the international community and the prospect of sustainable peace in the region. The Syrian nation, in all its diversity and voices, must determine the ways of constructing a really integration and democratic Syria, in which all people can coexist in the room.

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The role of the USA in Syria is unclear after the fall of Assad from power

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A broken portrait of the former President of Syria Bashar Al-Assad in the government constructing on December 7, 2024 in Hama, Syria.
Omar Haj Kadour/AFP by Getty Images

What is the most significant thing to grasp US involvement in Syria?

US involvement in Syria reaches at the very least 2011 when this Arabian springProtest movement in the Middle East in the Middle East, broke out and spread to Syria.

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This caused the brutal repression of the Syrian government, led by the Syrian leader Al-Assad. Some protesters then became part of the rebel groups in Syria and fought with the Assad government, resulting from this In the civil war. The United States immediately imposed Heavy financial sanctions About the Syria government.

In 2013 The US began to supply weapons to some groups of rebels that were based on the Assad government. This 12 months, the Syrian army also exceeded “Red line“This was established by the then President Barack Obama with Chemical weapon against civilians. Despite the pressure on implement the red lineObama decided to not intervene when Assad agreed to destroy Syria’s chemical weapons – the commitment that Assad didn’t fully live to.

In 2014, a gaggle of Islamic State, often generally known as ISIS or is, He took over the parts of Syria. The United States has deployed forces directly The fight is in 2015. Until 2019, the US has seriously weakened, and the US reduced its presence. The United States has never accepted the Asssad’s Government ID, but largely gave up Assad’s rule.

What does US involvement appear to be now?

The United States remained involved in Syria in several ways. First, yes About 900 soldiers arranged in some distant parts of Syria To prevent ISIS regrouping.

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Secondly, the United States gave greater than USD 1 billion for military assistance for more moderate Armed groups that resisted the control by the Assad government. A big part of this assistance went to the Syrian democratic forces, the military force led by the Kurds, a minority ethnic group that controls the north -eastern Syria and closely cooperated with the US in the fight against ISIS, stained with opposition to Assad.

Thirdly, the United States has retained severe financial sanctions against the Syrian government of 2011 and the fourth, United States providing humanitarian aid for suffering Syrians from the 13-year civil war of the country.

The United States has not played a direct role in the recent overthrow of the Syrian government. Syrian groups of rebels that overthrew Assada Supported mainly by Turkeywhich goals to weaken the Syrian branch of one other Kurdish group called Kurdistan Workers’ Party. Türkiye perceives this group as a threat control your individual Kurdish population.

What does the overthrow of Assad’s government mean for the USA?

The United States doesn’t yet make any decisive judgments about whether this transformation can be good for the United States, the fall of Assad opens the possibility of improving relations between the US and Syria, but it’s going to largely rely on the latest leadership in Syria.

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Hayat Tahrir al-ShamOr HTS, a gaggle that led the overthrow of Assad, ruled an authoritative way in the area of ​​Syria, which they’re already controlling.

ISIS is also constant care of the USA. It hits the goals of ISIS In recent days, trying to stop ISIS from gaining land after the fall of the Assad government.

The girl stands and holds the black and green and white flag with three red stars and stands next to several men, including one in a camouflage holding weapons.
People gather with rebel fighters at Umayyad Square in Damascus, Syria, December 10, 2024.
Nael chahine/in the Middle East images/AFP via Getty Images

What do Trump’s election to the US involvement in Syria mean?

Trump took the position of Syria A multitude and that this is not America’s problem. During his first term, Trump wanted to drag out all of them will remain US soldiers from Syriaand his advisers convinced him Keep a small number of soldiers there. Whether latest Syria leaders act in an authoritarian way will probably not matter to Trump.

But Trump is definitely pro -Israel and possibly won’t have an issue with Israel conducting strikes in Syria.

Under Trump’s rule, the United States will probably not be the major player shaping the events in Syria, but I feel that in the interest of the nation he’ll remain involved, because what is happening in Syria affects the rest of the Middle East – and thus, the USA

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